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George Mercer Timeline 1757-1784


We created the reenactment group to portray Captain George Mercer and aid de camp to Coloneol George Washington on George Washington's birthday in Feb 2016.


We grew larger over the years, people joining, people leaving and new people again joining. We may have actually 50 alumni in July 2023.





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SOUTH CAROLINA BOUND FOR ABOUT A YEAR

MERCER LEAVES WITH LT COL ADAM STEPHEN TO CHARLESTON SC

May 24, 1757

We know Mercer left Fort Loudoun at least by this date because GW is at Fort Loudoun writing to Dinwiddie that the Cherokee are now suspicious Mercer has left the fort in order to avoid making good on his promise he made to the Cherokee:

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. . . a party of Cherokees under Warhatchie is come in with 4 scalps and 2 Prisoners. They are much dissatisfied that the presents are not here—Look upon Captain Mercers going off as a trick to evade the performance of the promise that has been made to them—will not believe that Mr Atkin is coming: and in short, they are the most insolent, most avaricious, and most dissatisfied wretches I have ever had to deal with. If any thing shou’d detain Mr Atkin’s arrival, it will not be in my power to convince them that it is not a mere hum! All the rhetoric I can muster is not likely to detain them more than two or three days to wait this event.7

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Dinwiddie gave orders for Lt Col Adam Stephen to leave Fort Cumberland for Fredericksburg and then once there to let Dinwiddie know to order ships to take them to Charleston SC. Mercer ends up going too. So he is gone by the time the Cherokee come back from their scouting trip. See April 5, 1757 letter.

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May 26, 1757 Lt Col Stephen Adam and Capt George Mercer, also GW’s aid de camp, left Williamsburg VA with almost 200 Virginia Regiment soldiers and then on a ship from Hampton Roads VA to Charleston SC. They did not return until May 1758.

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See source from Founders Online footnote:

On 26 May 1757 Dinwiddie wrote Lt. Col. Adam Stephen that he was ordering “two Companies of 100 Men each under your Command to proceed directly from this [Williamsburg] to Hampton, where two Sloops are provided & ready to take on board yr Men to be transported to So. Carolina; and you are to be under the Command and Direction of Lieutt Colo. Bouquet, who is Commander of the Forces in the Southern Collonies on this Continent.”

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On the same day Dinwiddie wrote Gov. William H. Lyttelton that he was sending him “a Detachmt from our provincial Regimt 200 Men under the Command of Lieut. Colo. Stevens, which are one third of our Regimt, our Quota was to be 400, but at present I cd not possibly send the whole having only 400 Men to protect our extensive frontiers” (ViHi: Dinwiddie Papers). Thomas Waggener, Joshua Lewis, Peter Steenbergen, and John Hall were not among the officers of the Virginia Regiment who sailed for South Carolina at the end of May.

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Middle of June 1757

See Founders Online footnote: George Mercer and Adam Stephen sailed with their companies of the Virginia Regiment from Hampton, Va., at the end of May and on 15 June arrived in Charleston, S.C., along with Col. Henry Bouquet and his five companies of the Royal American Regiment. The troops came ashore on Thursday and Friday, 16 and 17 June 1757. Mercer’s letter has not been found. Cap-Français was in north Haiti.

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MERCER PROUD OF THE LOOK OF THE VA REGIMENT

“It is a very odd Method of judging but however tis the Plan upon which most of the World goes, and therefore to find ourselves judged for the Errors or Imperfections of others ⟨is not very⟩ unaccountable—but we have been told here by the Officers that nothing ever gave them such Surprize as our Appearance at entering Hampton, for expecting to see a Parcel of ragged disorderly Fellows headed by Officers of their own Stamp (like the rest of the Provincials they had seen) behold they saw Men properly disposed who made a good & Soldier like Appearance and performed in every Particular as well as coud be expected from any Troops with Officers whom they found to be Gent. …

Below is another point in a long letter by Mercer that contains much more than excerpted here.

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MERCER’S DESCRIPTION OF THE UNIFORM

to see a Sash & Gorget with a genteel Uniform, a Sword properly hung, a Hat cocked, Persons capable of holding Conversation where only common Sense was requisite to continue the Discourse, and a White Shirt, with any other than a black Leather Stock, were Matters of great Surprize and Admiration & which engaged Them all to give Us a polite Invitation to spend the Evening, & after to agree to keep Us Company which they had determined before not to do—agreeable to what they had practised with the other Provincial Troops. We have lost that common Appellation of Provincials, & are known here by the Style & Title of the Detachment of the Virga Regiment.”

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This 1772 portrait of Washington best shows what Mercer was proudly describing as the uniform of the Virginia Regiment officers.

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MERCER WANTS ADAM STEPHEN’S JOB IF . . . And in the same letter while in South Carolina with Adam Stephen, Captain George Mercer puts in his dibs for the Lt Colonelcy if Adam Stephen is removed. “In case of Colo. Stephens Removal from this Command I believe he is tired of, I hope it will be agreeable to you that I shoud succeed him. Youl scarce believe that the Colonel never appears here but in full dressed laced Suits—so great a Change has Carolina produced.”

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Compare George Mercer’s description of uniform in 1757 with George Washington’s description in 1755:

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“Every Officer of the Virginia Regiment, to provide himself as soon as he can conveniently, with a Suit of Regimentals of good blue Cloath; the Coat to be faced and cuffed with Scarlet, and trimmed with Silver: a Scarlet waistcoat, with silver Lace, blue Breeches, and a silver-laced Hat, if to be had, for Camp or Garrison Duty.”

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“Besides this, each Officer to provide himself with a common Soldiers Dress, for Detachments, and Duty in the Woods.”

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Excellent link on the Virginia Regiment uniform – http://web.hardynet.com/~gruber/varegt.htm

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From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie [document with enclosures]

From: Washington Papers | Colonial Series | Volume 4 | From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie [document with enclosures]

The enclosed is a return of the Subaltern Officers and Cadets in the Virginia Regiment, set down...

If your Honor is pleased to promote the Officers &c. according to their seniority, and present...

At a Court of Enquiry held at Fort Loudoun June 9th 1757 to enquire why Lieut. Campbell did not...





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1758

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Mercer returns to Winchester VA.

End of April, 1758

Compiled and updated by Jim Moyer 6/11/2018, 9/24/19

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April 1758

Captain George Mercer becomes Lt Colonel in 2nd Va Regiment under Colonel William Byrd III

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George Mercer upon his return from South Carolina in April [1758] got the appointment of lieutenant colonel in the 2d Virginia Regiment, and the promotion of the two subalterns left vacant the ensigncy in Mercer’s company of GW’s regiment. There is no evidence that Hite became an officer in the Virginia Regiment or marched in the Forbes expedition. At GW’s insistence the senior lieutenant in his regiment, Walter Steuart, filled the vacant captaincy (see GW to Blair, 28 May, and Steuart to GW, 27 June). Steuart was the lieutenant in Capt. George Mercer’s company and had acted as captain of the company in South Carolina and Georgia when Mercer was ill in the fall of 1757.

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To George Washington from Adam Stephen,

22 April 1758

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Fredericksburgh April 22d 1758

Sir,

I am this moment arrived, and find your orders to march, which shall be Complyd with; tho’ The President gave directions for refreshing the men and Paying them off here1—As soon as the men are on their March I will come on, and hope the pleasure of Seeing you thursday night;2 in the mean time; I am with Respect, Sir, your most Obt Hube Sert

Adam Stephen

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Founders Online Footnotes:

1. Lt. Col. Adam Stephen and Capt. George Mercer had just returned with two companies of the Virginia Regiment from Charleston, where they had gone for the defense of South Carolina at the end of May 1757.

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Both men participated in Forbes’s expedition in 1758, Stephen as lieutenant colonel of GW’s 1st Virginia Regiment and Mercer as lieutenant colonel of William Byrd’s 2d Virginia Regiment.

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2. The following Thursday was 27 April, but Stephen did not get to Winchester with the men from the two companies until Wednesday, 3 May.

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Source:

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September 16, 1758

Mercer observes Waggener in Winchester VA

Putting this note here because Capt Waggener was one of GW’s dependable officers.

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Founders online footnote

On 16 Sept. Mercer remarked that Capt. Thomas Waggener had passed through Winchester on “his Way to Williamsburg, from whence he expects to return a Field Officer.” Waggener died in 1760 without having displaced Stewart as major of the Virginia Regiment

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Source:

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BULLITT’S ROLE

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Mercer and Bullitt and Grant in Forbes Expedition

Late September 1758

“…an ill-fated assault by Major James Grant in late September resulted in 300 casualties on the British side, including six Virginia officers. Only the heroic actions of Virginia Captain Thomas Bullitt prevented complete disaster for the British.”

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See letter on 16 September 1759 about Bullitt between Mercer and Washington who appear to disagree that Bullitt was a hero as stated above. See Letter To George Washington from George Mercer in Winchester VA


Attack on Loyal Hannon


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12 October 1758

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14 October 1758


Stories after Grant's Loss


Grant's Hill


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.Friendly Fire Stories


Friendly Fire


Friendly Fire Bad - Prisoner Good!


Friendly Fire - Where did it happen?


Friendly Fire - Who found the French first?






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1759

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Mercer’s Career Changes

From Founders Online link: “When the 2d Virginia Regiment was disbanded in December 1758, its lieutenant colonel, George Mercer, continued with the Virginia forces at Winchester as a volunteer until Maj. Gen. John Stanwix made him assistant deputy quarter master general for Virginia and Maryland. Stanwix succeeded Forbes after Forbes’s death in March 1759 as commander of the British forces in Pennsylvania and the southern colonies.”

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George Mercer Quartermaster General for MD and VA

19 August 1759

The warrant appointing Mercer assistant deputy quartermaster general of the army for Maryland and Virginia is dated 19 Aug. 1759 and printed in Stevens, Bouquet Papers description begins Donald H. Kent et al., eds. The Papers of Henry Bouquet. 6 vols. Harrisburg, Pa., 1951-94. description ends , 3:583–84

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Just to differentiate the many different “Mercers”, Colonel Hugh Mercer is put in charge of Fort Pitt, not Colonel George Mercer who is instead Quartermaster General for MD and VA. See source.

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Mercer gives Washington an Update

16 September 1759

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LAND DEALS

1. Mercer is glad Washington proposes a partnership to claim land in the Ohio Country, promised by Lt Gov Dinwiddie’s Proclamation on 19 February 1754 only for those who served in 1754. This effort to attain this land promised in that 1754 Proclamation culminated finally in an October 5 to December 1 1770 trip.

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3. Nathaniel Gist is a partner too. Mercer hopes Christopher Gist (who died of smallpox 25 July 1759) has done what he said he has done: registered their land claims.

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5. Robert Stewart is also a partner. See letter Robert Stewart wrote from Pittsburgh to GW on 28 September 1759.

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7. Mercer plans to meet Washington in Williamsburg in November and follow up on all of this.

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CAPTAIN BULLITT DEBACLE

1. Although this Indian Attack on Tom Bullitt’s group occurred on September 21, 1758, George Mercer discusses the fallout and inquiry of it in his letter to George Washington.

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3. Mercer’s version is that “poor Tom [Bullitt] was intimidated (to use his own Word) when his Party was attacked “ by Indians and ran away with a group of men.

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5. Colonel Thomas Lloyd wrote 23 May 1759 to General Stanwix from Fort Ligonier, the attack occurred “Captain Bullet on his March from Bedford [Pa.] with a Convoy of Fifteen Waggons and Fifteen Thousand Weight of Pork, his Party consisting off one Hundred Virginians was this Day defeated within Four Miles of Ligonier by a Party off the Enemy. . . . Five of the Waggons (Four of them off Pork) were burn’t all the Horses kiled or taken. . . . this happen’d about three in the Afternoon at a Time when the most violent Tornado of Rain Thunder & Lightning that I ever experiencd”

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7. Adam Stephen writing 25 May 1759 to Stanwix from Bedford,” Bullitt’s party consisted of 3 subalterns, 4 sergeants, 2 drummers, and 100 rank and file ..”

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9. 30 Nov. 1759 Col. William Byrd published in Hunter’s Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg) a letter dated 26 Oct. 1759 and sent from Pittsburgh in which he stated that Gen. John Stanwix at Byrd’s request convened a court of inquiry to investigate Captain Bullitt’s conduct. The court decided unanimously “that Captain Bullet behaved like a good Officer, and did every Thing in his Power to repulse the Enemy, and save the Convoy.”

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11. Tom Bullitt has quite a life story. Bullitt goes back a long way with George Mercer and George Washington. Bath County mentions the Homestead, on land Tom Bullitt claimed in 1766 in Hot Springs Virginia and Bullitt County is named for him.

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13. GW, in Cambridge MA, looks back many years later in a letter to his brother Gus in 31 March 1776, “…The appointment of [Andrew ] Lewis I think was also judicious, for notwithstanding the odium thrown upon his Conduct at the Kanhawa I always look’d upon him as a Man of Spirit and a good Officer—his experience is equal to any one we have. Colo. Mercer would have supplied the place well but I question (as a Scotchman) whether it would have gone glibly down. Bullet is no favourite of mine, & therefore I shall say nothing more of him, than that his own opinion of himself always kept pace with what others pleas’d to think of him—if any thing, rather run a head of it.2

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1760

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MERCER REPORTS TO GW ABOUT ADAM STEPHEN’S LAND GRAB

February 17, 1760

To George Washington from George Mercer, 17 February 1760 letter . George Mercer asks GW to go to Williamsburg to watch out for both their interests to be protected from any encroachment by Thomas Bullitt and Adam Stephen:

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“…Stephen is to be down at the Assembly too, not only to direct Them, but also to back Bullitt—he rubs his Hands, shrugs his Shoulders, and says he knows if Tom gets the Place he will serve a Friend—Tho. I was once very easy about this Affair, I cant say now but it woud give Me the greatest Joy imaginable to disappoint these mighty Schemers …”

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1761

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MERCER AND WASHINGTON ELECTED, ADAM STEPHEN LOSES

May 18, 1761

Election to House of Burgesses. This was a bitter election. From modern eyes, this election has a few dirty tricks.

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Three-Way Race for 2 seats to the House of Burgesses to represent the huge old Frederick County Virginia. Who were the 3?

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Our old Captain, George Mercer, now Lt Colonel, is running for his first time. So is Adam Stephen. And George Washington is the only one of the 3 running for re-election (there were other candidates but they only got one vote each) . So …. Who lost? Adam Stephen.

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This all happened right here at this place. There was a log courthouse on this spot, a little bit behind or off center from the 1840 Courthouse we see today.

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1763

18 Indians Attack

Where was George Mercer?

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These 18 split into a group of 10 who caused havoc in the Hayfield, Great North Mountain area. Major White had sounded the alarm. The Clowser family was attacked, some killed, some taken hostage as were others. The other 8 went down to Star Tannery and Middletown area to cause havoc. See link on this.

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George Mercer was still a Burgess since 1761 still representing Frederick County where this attack occurred.

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Our source to find the answer?

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George Mercer’s friend Colonel Bouquet in November of 1764 retrieves hostages from both attacks of 1763 and July of 1764. See more on White’s Fort and Clouser House being attacked in old Frederick County, the county represented by both Georges – Mercer and Washington.

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George Mercer during this period travelled extensively from Fort Cumberland to Philadelphia to NY to be rebuffed by Amherst for a sale of Fort Cumberland he represented the Ohio Company on, and then to Williamsburg, still being the elected burgess.

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He leaves around July 1763 to represent a request by the Ohio Company and for a position for himself and arrives in England in September 1763.

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1765

Hung in Effigy

Our George? Yes. But it was an effigy.

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At Westmoreland County Courthouse the angry citizens did this.

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When George was in England pushing for Ohio Company claims into the forbidden Ohio Country lands, he accepted a Stamps Collector position little knowing of the turmoil in the colonies.

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Pick method of reading, like HTML, then go to page 54:

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Account of Col.George Mercer’s Arrival in Virginia, and his Resignation of the Office of Stamp Distributor, 1765



Source:

The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 2:3 (1878). 299-301.


Williamsburg (in Virginia), Oc

This week arrived in York river, the ship Leeds, Capt. Anderson, in 9 weeks from London, on board of which came passenger George Mercer, Esq., Chief Distributor of Stamps for this colony.


Yesterday in the evening he arrived in this city,

and upon his walking up streets as far as the Capitol,

in his way to the Governor’s, was accosted

by a concourse of gentlemen assembled from all parts of the colony, the General court sitting at this time.


They insisted he should immediately satisfy the company (which constantly increased) whether he intended to act as a commissioner under the Stamp Act;


Mr. Mercer told them that any answer to so important a question that he should make, under such circumstances, would be attributed to fear; though he believed none of his countrymen, as he had never injured them, could have any design against his person; insisted that he ought to be allowed to wait on the Governor and Council, and to receive a true information of the sentiments of the colony (whose benefit and prosperity he had as much at heart as any man in it) and that he would, for the satisfaction of the company then assembled, give them his answer on Friday at ten o’clock.


This seemed to satisfy them,

and they attended him up as far as the Coffee-House, where the Governor, most of the Council, and a great number of gentlemen were assembled; but soon after many more people got together, and insisted on a more speedy and satisfactory answer, declaring they would not depart without one.


In some time, upon Mr. Mercer’s promising them an answer by five o’clock this evening, they departed well pleased; and he met with no further molestation.


And accordingly he was met this evening at the capitol, and addressed himself to the company as follows:


I now have met you agreeable to yesterday’s promise, to give my country some assurances which I would have been glad I could with any tolerable propriety have done sooner.


I flatter myself no judicious man can blame me for accepting an office under an authority that was never disputed by any from whom I could be advised of the propriety or weight of the objections.


I do acknowledge that some little time before I left England I heard of, and saw, some resolves which were said to be made by the House of Burgesses of Virginia; but as the authenticity of them was disputed, they never appearing but in private hands, and so often and differently represented and explained to me, I determined to know the real sentiments of my countrymen from themselves:


And I am concerned to say that those sentiments were so suddenly and unexpectedly communicated to me, that I was altogether unprepared to give an immediate answer upon so important a point;


for in however unpopular a light I may lately have been viewed,


and notwithstanding the many insults I have from this day’s conversation


been informed were offered me in effigy in many parts of the colony;


yet I still flatter myself that time will justify me;


and that my conduct may not be condemned after being cooly inquired into.



The commission so very disagreeable to my countrymen was solely obtained by the genteel recommendation of their representatives in General Assembly, unasked for;


and though this is contradictory to public report,


which I am told charges me with assisting the passage of the Stamp Act, upon the promise of the commission in this colony, yet I hope it will meet with credit, when I assure you I was so far from assisting it, or having any previous promise from the Ministry, that I did not know of my appointment until some time after my return from Ireland, where I was at the commencement of the session of Parliament, and for a long time after the act had passed.


Thus, gentlemen, I am circumstanced. I should be glad to act now in such a manner as would justify me to my friends and countrymen here, and the authority which appointed me;


but the time you have allotted me for my answer is so very short


that I have not yet been able to discover that happy medium, therefore must intreat you to be referred to my future conduct, with this assurance in the mean time


that I will not, directly or indirectly, by myself or deputies, proceed in the execution of the act


until I receive further orders from England, and not then without the assent of the General Assembly of this colony;


and that no man can more ardently and sincerely wish the prosperity thereof, or is more desirous of securing all its just rights and privileges, than

Gentlemen, Yours &c., George Mercer.

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1767

In 1767 George Mercer married Mary Neville at Scarborough, England, who died a year later.[11]

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North Carolina Encyclopedia link states the wife is of Lincoln, England.

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Appointed Lt Governor of North Carolina

September 14, 1768

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A letter in “July 1769 Henry Eustace McCulloh, then in London, wrote to John Harvey that “Col. Mercer of Virginia has been for sometime appointed your Lieut Govr & I do believe has thoughts of succeeding: when Mr Tryon leaves America.”

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George Mercer never ends up taking over this duty.

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October 14, 1768

George Mercer’s father, John Mercer, dies.

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1770

VANDALIA

Vandalia? Not Vidalia Onions. It was a possible colony. In 1770.

Our man Mercer is far from the action of the Boston Massacre 5 March 1770.

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From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalia_(colony)


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18 December 1770


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2. For Mercer’s role in the activities of the Walpole, or Grand Ohio, Company earlier this year, see Jonathan Boucher to GW, 18 Aug. 1770, n.4. GW wrote Mercer on 7 Nov. 1771:

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To George Washington from Jonathan Boucher, 18 August 1770

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Remarks & Occurrs. in October [1770]


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MORE ON VANDALIA

An effort to remove the Fort Pitt vicinity from Pennsylvania was championed by none other than Philadelphia’s famous Benjamin Franklin while he was in Britain. According to the VirginiaPlaces.org website, Franklin and Samuel Wharton, a representative of Ohio Company traders who lost assets during Pontiac’s War, sought land as compensation. Wharton and Franklin wanted a charter for a new colony named “Vandalia.” It would have contained Pittsburgh, a majority of what is now known as West Virginia; eastern Kentucky; and what is now Washington County and western Greene County in Pennsylvania.

Above from link, July 9, 2016 Observer-Reporter

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And an extensive source of info on the Ohio Company and Vandalia –

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George Mercer Appointed to North Carolina Council

November 1771

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“Mercer was named a member of the North Carolina Council in 1771 in the commission of Governor Josiah Martin, who was Tryon’s successor.”

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“In November 1771 Martin referred to a report that Mercer was about to become governor of a new colony on the Ohio, [this meant Vandalia] but again this never occurred.”

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GEORGE MERCER’S SHIFTING LOYALTIES

From exasperation on his obstacles to fortune, George Mercer feelings change for ( 1773) and against (11 March 1764) George Washington.

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3. Mercer was hoping to go to America as the governor of Vandalia. See note 2. GW, who had known Mercer as a boy, made him his aide-12–camp when he organized the Virginia Regiment in September 1755. Mercer remained with GW until he went with his company to South Carolina in 1757 and on his return in 1758 was given second-in-command of the new 2d Virginia Regiment.

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He wrote his brother James from England on 11 Mar. 1764: “The Services I was of to Colo. Washington [as his aide-12–camp] the Country in some Measure rewarded me for—though he might have afforded to have done it himself out of his Allowance & the Reputation he obtained by it—but thank God, I have done with him, and if he will pay off this Account, I am sure I never desire to deal with him for 6d. again …” (KyBgW). In 1773 George Mercer broke with his brother James and made GW one of three trustees of his ruined estate in America (see Advertisement of Sale of George Mercer’s Land, in the Virginia Gazette [Rind; Williamsburg], 30 June 1774).

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1773

In 1773 George Mercer broke with his brother James and made GW one of three trustees of his ruined estate in America (see Advertisement of Sale of George Mercer’s Land, in the Virginia Gazette [Rind; Williamsburg], 30 June 1774).

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1778-1779

3 Letters George Mercer in Paris France writes to GW

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1783

In 1783 his wife [Mary Neville of Lincoln England who George Mercer married in 1767] asked the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury to continue his allowance and sought reimbursement for losses he had sustained as stamp distributor.

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1784

George Mercer died in London.

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George Mercer’s Estate

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1789

More on George Mercer’s Estate 1789

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2016

Re-enactor Group

February 22, 2016

Celebrating George Washington’s Birthday at the George Washington Hotel, in Winchester VA, a re-enactor group forms the Captain Mercer Company of the Virginia Regiment.

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LINKS

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George Mercer general history:

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Lt Col George Mercer in 2nd VA Regiment in Forbes Expedition

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Captain Mercer’s roster .

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George Mercer Papers Related to the Ohio Company of Virginia:

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George Mercer of the Ohio Company: A study in Frustration

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Excellent online look at the different Mercer families in old Frederick County VA:

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List of Mercers voting in 1761 election:

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James Mercer for George Washington and George Mercer

Richard Mercer for Adam Stephen and George Mercer

Mercer Babb for Adam Stephen and George Mercer

Moses Mercer for Adam Stephen and George Mercer

John Mercer for George Washington and George Mercer

Edward Mercer ? <– add this later

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Williamsburg site bio on George Mercer

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George Mercer’s Estate 1789

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COLONEL GEORGE MERCER’S PAPERS

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Listing of officers and soldiers in Virginia Regiment

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Thomas Bullitt and at least part of the large Lewis family (5 brothers) are tight. This info on both Andrew Lewis who lost his brother, Charles Lewis, in the fighting at Point Pleasant in 1774 and info on Bullitt himself is found in this Founders Online footnotes to a letter Washington writes his brother:

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posted on wix website 7/31/2023 but using date at 2/23/2016


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